A short talk on the Christian Humanism of Pope Francis (March 2025)

I gave this reflection on Pope Francis at Fordham University on March 13, 2025, about a month before the Holy Father died. I was part of a panel of theologians more distinguished than I. I publish it now, because it seems the right time. The occasion was an opportunity for me, briefly, to pull some things together from my mind and heart. I shall always be grateful to God for the gift of Pope Francis, and grateful to Pope Francis, for giving himself to us so completely until the end. Que en Paz descanse. +df

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Fratelli Tutti and the Christian Humanism of Pope Francis

March 13, 2025

If I should ever have a quiet moment with the Holy Father, Pope Francis, I would ask him what it was like to converse with Borges. We know of the Holy Father’s love for literature and poetry. It is for him a quintessential sign of the inherent creativity that is ours by virtue of having been created in the image and likeness of God, created by the Father, through The Word, in the Spirit. Hence, Francis invited Borges to give lectures to Jesuit scholastics. I would ask him what that was like.

There is a saying Attributed to Terence the Roman playwright: nihil humanum mihi alienum / nothing human is foreign to me. In some ways I think of Fratelli Tutti as Pope Francis’ continuation of the Christian apprehension and deepening of this saying, focusing our attention on the quality of our human relationality. And not just Fratelli Tutti, but it is a common thread throughout his writings, from Evangelium Gaudium, to Laudato si, to the recent encyclical Dilexit nos,

I think of the enormous effort Pope Francis has marshaled to articulate a Christian humanism for our time, taking into account how our greatest human gifts can become also the greatest threats to the authentically human. There are economic and dominational tendencies to manipulate the poor, creation, and human relation. There is a kind of rebirth of a social Darwinism that announces a future that belongs to the strong. And there are also technological sophistications that can mimic human creativity without ever having had the human experiences that can move us to set to words or to music what most affects us. The danger of the latter is that it makes us diminish the true gift of human experiences and embodied encounters, of our capacity to craft, in relation to others, through the crucible of life, not despite it.

In Fratelli tutti Pope Francis pleads that all persons be respected for the dignity that is theirs. And he never ceases to defend the dignity of the powerless, the disabled, the migrant, the unborn, the elderly, all of whom can be counted among the poor precisely because they are largely defenseless before the manipulations of the powerful. It is this manipulative capacity in us that stifles the agency of the poor, of their ability to speak and describe for themselves what moves and animates them. Their voices, speaking of their deepest hungers for themselves and their families, are not often heard, and when heard, not much respected. Few, very few, political or economic leaders take the time to talk to an immigrant family, to get to know them. For if they hear, they might have to rethink something, “lest they be converted and be saved”.

Thus, for Pope Francis, the Church cannot waver in hearing and knowing what the world largely does not want to see and hear. This is a basic element of our nihil humanun alíenum mihi. The human factor is always under quiet siege, but prophetically the Holy Father names how we can be our own worst enemies, and points us towards social friendship.

The narrative he speaks to us is the narrative of the poor Christ who gives us life through his vulnerability and willingness to bear what the poorest among us bear. Christ bears it in them. It is an evangelical narrative of human dignity rendered most intelligible by the Paschal Mystery: of the suffering and the death, of the Master who seeks the lost. We are the lost, he found us; and his finding makes us seekers of the vulnerable, or we risk losing our gift of ever having been found.

Human Communication is different now. This is a sign of our times. We are on the cusp of losing our ability to have a conversation. This is a self-inflicted dehumanization. The conversation is the building block of human communication, of the indispensable local narrative; the universal narrative of the Paschal mystery is embedded in the local narrative.

The narrative as the basis of human speech is in eclipse, and with it a basic element of human community. Byung-Chul Han speaks of this in his book “The Crisis of Narration” and it is addressed amply in the recent document of the DDF on Artificial Intelligence.

Our time is powerfully marked by communication strategies that eschew the narrative: the mind is often unknowingly conditioned to think of truth as data and catalogued information, calculated into algorithms that determine what we see and what the questions are, and what the conclusions are to the questions so generated.

The Paschal Narrative, and the clarity of its setting into relief the sources of our dignity, are not easily heard in this setting. We should not try to compete with a communication structure that is largely bought and paid for by the interests that engender their own validation by the the number of clicks they can proudly display.

So what can we we do? We must learn the discipline of participating in the algorithm dominated media, being present to it, without falling into its designs. This is not easy. But more than this we must recommit ourselves to the full narrative: The Narrative sets in relief what is important and what is not. Like the Passion narratives themselves, not everything is said, only what is essential for us to understand the meaning of the gift. When seen or heard the narrative speaks for itself by generating a resonance in the soul. The Paschal narrative is the source of contemplation, seeing ourselves and the world in its light.

Thus the witness to the narrative of Christ crucified and risen in our midst is the principal thing. Building communities of attentiveness and respect for people out of love for Christ is our principal way forward. This has always been our way forward. As the Argentinian, one time Jesuit, Leonardo Castellani put it: We are specialists in restorations and regenerations, which are actually accomplished by investing our own blood. We do this in the Spirit of the Christ, who as Juan de Ávila said, saves the world by shedding no one’s blood except his own.

The more our Catholic Charities or our work among the poor in drought stricken parts of Africa are derided as subversive, the more we have to keep doing what we do. We can defend effectively what we do in the public square, but only if we do not waver in doing what the Lord commanded us to do. The narrative resonates when it is manifested.

And this, at length, is one of the basic aims of synodality. The Holy Father points us to become more what we are, a community of respect for one another, in faith hope and charity, a community that has a heart for the weak and discarded. The world’s expendables. In this sense, rebuilding and regenerating parish communities where our people are capable of coming out of themselves to listen, to speak, laugh and cry as a people aware that our common dignity, is prior to our disagreements and differences. This may well be the most significant aspect of Synodal renewal. It is, as Dilexit nos teaches, a matter of the heart, open to others, willing to be wounded by love, as Christ was. This is the work of the Spirit.

This is the Christian humanism that goes beyond Terence, deepening without losing the prior noble intuition. This is what Pope Francis has been saying to us in so many different ways, and by so many of his prophetic actions. We are meant to be bearers of the narrative, ready to give a response when asked: “by what authority do you do these things?”.

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Leonardo Castellani:

Nosotros somos especialistas en restauraciones y regeneraciones; las cuales en efecto se hacen con sangre propia:

San Juan de Ávila:

ha conquistado los corazones; no matando, sino muriendo; no derramando sangre ajena, sino la suya propria por todos  en la cruz.

(He has conquered hearts; not by killing, but by dying; not by shedding the blood of others, but his own blood for all on the cross.)

Sobre la evangelización, la pobreza, y la caridad de Cristo, (Septiembre 2019)

(San Óscar Romero, 1941, poco antes de su ordenación sacerdotal)

Meditaciones sobre la evangelización, la caridad de Cristo, y el Pobre que nos podría salvar

+Daniel E. Flores, STD

Obispo de Brownsville

(Conferencia Escobedo, Oblate School of Theology, San Antonio, Texas, 26 septiembre 2019)

Prólogo

No pretendo ofrecer un esquema completo de la evangelización, ni siquiera un argumento sobre un aspecto en particular. Ofrezco unos dibujos en palabras. Les invito a considerar con calma ya sea un punto, un texto citado, o una imagen provocada. Espero que vitrales fragmentados también admitan luz. Las meditaciones son siete, con epílogo al final guardando espacio para el día octavo.

1.  ¿Qué es la gracia?

2.  Gracia y Caridad

3.    La Respuesta del amor

4.    La Interrupción eucarística

5.    La Evangelización de los pobres y el ser evangelizados por ellos

6.    El Mundo que nos interroga

7.    El Fin de la historia

           Epílogo

1.  ¿Qué es la gracia?

En sentido sencillo pero profundo en la experiencia humana, la gracia es algo que se da sin tener que. Es algo no merecido, no comprado, no contratado: un regalo libremente dado. No busca pago, ni se preocupa por reclamar deudas. La gracia es tan espontánea como una sonrisa, o un abrazo entre amigos. Todos hemos vivido la grandeza del regalo que es completamente gratuito, de la donación que se ofrece sin pedir nada. En el curso natural de la vida, el darnos cuenta de que hemos recibido una gracia engendra dentro de nosotros un deseo espontáneo de querer responder de alguna manera: devolver la sonrisa, corresponder el abrazo, decir gracias. Por lo tanto, la gracia muestra su propia dinámica, tal como lo hace la amistad. La gracia engendra gracia.

Sin embargo, afrontados con la generosidad de otros, también hemos vivido la experiencia de preguntar subrepticiamente: ¿Qué quiere esta persona de mí, dándome tanta cosa? Aprendemos desde chiquillos que no todo lo que se presenta con cara de gracia es dado gratuitamente. Es el cinismo que entró con el pecado original que nos ha enseñado sospechar que lo que se presenta regalado, pronto nos puede convertir en seres endeudados. El diablo fue tan presumido que le ofreció a Jesús los reinos del mundo, pero la oferta ocultaba una deuda incurrida: mañana me debes. No obstante la experiencia amarga de un negocio disimulado con cara de gracia, la invitación de la gracia autentica conserva su propio esplendor, el cual nos llama a respirar de un aire más allá de ventas y pagos. Al reconocer que hemos recibido gratuitamente, la gracia nos ruega dar gratuitamente, como dice el Señor (Mt 10, 7-8).

Hablando de la gracia, como veremos a lo largo de estas reflexiones, el Papa Benedicto favorecía la palabra gratuidad, y el Papa Francisco habla incesantemente de la gracia como entrega. En sentido fuerte y teológico, pero no menos sencillo, la gracia es lo que nos salva a través de este dinamismo de generosidad engendrando la generosidad.

2.  Gracia y Caridad

Para seguir este hilo de la gracia, quisiera destacar un texto de Santo Tomás tomado de la tercera parte de la Suma Teológica. En la pregunta 46, artículo 3, el Santo pregunta sobre el porqué de la pasión de Nuestro Señor. ¿Por qué quiso el Señor aceptar la Cruz para salvarnos? La pregunta presta ocasión para resumir la enseñanza de las Escrituras sobre la obra de Cristo y la gracia que nos salva.

«Primero, por este medio conoce el hombre lo mucho que Dios le ama y con esto es provocado a amarle a Él, en lo cual consiste la perfección de la salvación humana. Por lo que dice el Apóstol en Rom 5,8-9: Dios prueba su amor para con nosotros en que, siendo todavía pecadores, Cristo murió por nosotros.»

La pasión del Señor Jesús muestra el amor de Dios libremente ofrecido. Según Santo Tomás es la señal eficaz del regalo que es la Encarnación y vida del Hijo de Dios. A través de esta señal conocemos el amor de Dios Padre. Claro, la señal de la Cruz admite de una variedad de interpretaciones. No todos ven en ella el amor extremo de Dios dirigido hacia nosotros. Es una gracia poder ver la Cruz y poder entender lo que vemos.

La antropología católica presupone que en el encuentro con el Señor Jesús,  la gracia se insinúa como luz en la mente, dándonos a percibir la intención del autor, podríamos decir, al ofrecerse de esta manera. Las Escrituras testifican sobre esta intención captada por los primeros discípulos. La mente percibe por la gracia lo esencial de este gran despliegue de amor como manifestación del amor gratuito, la entrega completa, la caridad derramada. Como dice el dominico Olivier-Thomas Venard (The Poetic Christ: T&T Clark, 2019): En la cruz, el Verbo encarnado habla el lenguaje más significativo que existe cuando se trata del amor: no el lenguaje de las palabras, ni el de los actos, sino el lenguaje del cuerpo.  

La gracia se manifiesta como algo dado a conocer a través del lenguaje de la carne crucificada del Señor. La fe cree en este amor, y es una presencia en el alma. Contiene dentro de sí el dinamismo mismo de la gracia. Engendra dentro de nosotros un deseo espontáneo y completamente gratuito de querer corresponderle el amor, en lo cual consiste la perfección de la salvación humana. Este deseo es provocado a través de la caridad manifestada en la Cruz y es idéntico con recibir el amor del Espíritu Santo derramado en nuestros corazones.

Es significativo que en este contexto Santo Tomás invoca la autoridad de San Pablo, Romanos capítulo 5. Si uno consulta el comentario de Santo Tomás sobre ese capítulo, descubrirá que ahí es donde explica en gran detalle la relación entre la muerte de Cristo en la Cruz, la fe en esta manifestación de amor gratuito, y el movimiento del Espíritu Santo dentro de nosotros. La respuesta del alma a Cristo es respuesta de amor, fruto del amor derramado en nuestros corazones.

La gracia nos salva. Dios nos da su amor dándonos a su Hijo; la fe capta bajo la señal de la Cruz la realidad de este amor, y el Espíritu Santo llega al corazón para salvarnos. La gracia nos salva a través de una renovación interior la cual nos capacita para amar a Cristo así como él nos ha amado. Este amor, culmen de la gracia de Dios, participación en su propia vida, se llama la caridad.

Recordemos, pues, las palabras del Papa Francisco en Evangelii Gaudium, 37, donde el Santo Padre, citando a Santo Tomás nos dice: La principalidad de la ley nueva está en la gracia del Espíritu Santo, que se manifiesta en la fe que obra por el amor (ST, 1-2, 108, 1).

3.    La Respuesta del amor

En la fuente visible de la Cruz, Cristo revela de manera accesible a nosotros, que el amor de Dios es una gracia de amor ofrecido, reconocido y correspondido: 1 Jn 4,16: Y nosotros hemos conocido y creído en el amor que Dios nos tiene. Dios es amor, y el que permanece en el amor permanece en Dios y Dios en él. Laevangelización propone al ser humano la gracia de Cristo, invitándonos a reconocer en el Crucificado la manifestación de la caridad de Dios, y en su resurrección nuestra esperanza nacida de su caridad. Es preciso enfatizar, especialmente hoy en día, que la fe no alcanza su fin si no engendra dentro de nosotros la misma caridad derramada: respondemos al Señor con gracia y en la gracia. La caridad de Cristo no nos salva al ser reconocida, nos salva al ser correspondida; nos salva a través de nuestra caridad puesta en juego dentro de la historia. 1 Jn 3,16: En esto hemos conocido el amor: en que él entregó su vida por nosotros. Por eso, también nosotros debemos dar la vida por nuestros hermanos.

El dar la vida de San Juan da expresión concisa de lo que manda y pide el Señor sobre la forma de nuestra respuesta a él. A propósito, el Papa Benedicto nos dice en su encíclica social Caritas in Veritate 5:  Los hombres, destinatarios del amor de Dios, se convierten en sujetos de caridad, llamados a hacerse ellos mismos instrumentos de la gracia para difundir la caridad de Dios y para tejer redes de caridad. Y en el Evangelii Gaudium 10 el Papa Francisco se expresa de esta manera: Aquí descubrimos otra ley profunda de la realidad: que la vida se alcanza y madura a medida que se la entrega para dar vida a los otros. Eso es en definitiva la misión.

En la nueva vida de la gracia, la dinámica misma del regalo gratuito de Cristo nos exige personalmente a formular dentro de nosotros mismos la pregunta más exigente en nuestras vidas como católicos: ¿Señor, dónde estás para poder responderte, para poder amarte como tú me has amado? El Señor mismo señala con precisión el dónde de su presencia, el dónde de nuestros anhelos más profundos como creyentes. Cuando hablaba de la Eucaristía, el Señor Jesús identificó su presencia real en su cuerpo entregado y en su sangra derramada en la cena de su propio sacrificio. Además, y sin menos claridad, se identificó personalmente con los pobres: En verdad les digo que cuanto hicieron a uno de estos mis hermanos más pequeños, a mí me lo hicieron (Mt 25, 40).

Dentro de la pregunta que surge espontáneamente desde la dinámica de la gracia de Cristo, y dentro de los rasgos de la respuesta que el Señor nos ofrece, encontramos lo que podríamos llamar la gracia del encuentro ofrecido por Dios: con Dios mismo sacramentado entre nosotros, y con Dios presente en las personas con quienes compartimos el camino humano. Vuelvo a subrayar que esta apertura al encuentro no se presenta como opción entre opciones en la vida de un católico; es tan esencial como la fe por ser el camino de la respuesta ofrecida a Cristo. La fe misma, obrando a través de la caridad, busca a Cristo con hambre para responderle. Su caridad nos urge.

La fe Católica, expuesta en el concilio tridentino, y en contraste con las doctrinas luteranas, no confiesa la sola fides, doctrina que enseña que por la  pura fe nos salvamos. No creo que muchos católicos se presenten hoy en día para abogar a favor de la sola fides, pero sí pienso que en esta época de individualismos y estilos de vida cómodos, corremos el riesgo de vivir la fe con indiferencia, dejando a un lado la propuesta de la caridad. En la práctica, podemos vivir como si nos fuera sólo necesario creer y profesar la fe para ser salvados.

Tal manera de apropiarse de la fe reduce el horizonte de la salvación al espacio mezquino de mi propia vida; es decir, darle gracias a Dios por haberme dado a conocer su amor, pero preocuparme poco sobre la condición de quienes caminan conmigo por las sendas de la vida, o tomar a la ligera la importancia de participar en el sacrificio eucarístico. Es como si dijéramos yo tengo la fe, ojalá los demás la tuvieran. Podemos vivir la fe con una actitud condescendiente mezclada con un deseo vago y distraído de promover el bien para los demás. La grandeza de la caridad se puede reducir a sentimientos inoperables cuando de verdad es la acción de Dios dentro de nosotros capacitándonos a responder humanamente, generosamente, gratuitamente a la persona que aparece en nuestro camino de vida. La gracia engendra gracia o se muere en la tierra pedregosa de la auto-preocupación.

La realidad evangélica es otra. La gracia de la caridad recibida nos invita insistentemente a que busquemos a Cristo para amarle a él, en lo cual consiste la perfección de la salvación humana, como dice Santo Tomás. A esa búsqueda nos provoca el escándalo de la Cruz.La obra de Cristo revela el corazón abierto de Dios donde cierne el Espíritu de comunión gratuita y entrega vivificante. Solamente la gracia nos sumerge en las aguas trasformadoras que nos mueven a salir de nosotros mismos, a buscar, encontrar y saborear este amor que huele a Cristo.

Esta provocación de la Cruz nos conviene precisamente porque sin ella no podemos agarrar el sabor del Reino. Como bien dijo el beato Cardenal Newman, quien pronto se canoniza: el hombre vive en este mundo para aprender, a través de la gracia, a gustar de las cosas de Dios, y saborear lo que Dios saborea (Parochial and Plain Sermons, Sermon I: Ignatius, 1987). Si no aprendemos a disfrutar el gusto de la caridad de Cristo mientras Dios nos presta vida, es difícil imaginar cómo podríamos disfrutar la caridad eterna de Dios. La caridad nos salva a través de cambiar lo que amamos.

Si no aprendemos a salir de nosotros mismos para amar a Cristo en la comunión de su Cuerpo-Iglesia alrededor del altar de su Cuerpo-Sacramentado, tampoco podríamos disfrutar la eterna comunión de los santos. De la misma manera, si no podemos saborear la entrega de Cristo en su misión a favor de los rechazados de este mundo, tampoco tendríamos esperanzas de realmente disfrutar de su compañía celestial. En tales casos, la eterna comunión de los Santos alrededor del Cordero degollado se convertiría en un infierno para nosotros. La gracia nos orienta a amar lo que Cristo ama, y a través de esta transformación nos hace aptos para la gloria. Este punto también es elemento básico de la fe católica.

4.    La Interrupción eucarística

Aquí sería bueno detenernos un momento para reconocer la grandeza de la Eucaristía en la vida de un católico deseando vivir la plenitud de la gracia. En el culto divino recibimos la caridad de Cristo derramada desde el altar. La Misa comunica el misterio del amor entregado de Cristo en una narración intensa, utilizando señales materiales y palabras canonizadas para hacer presente el despliegue de la obra trinitaria a nuestro favor. Es el Padre quien nos envía a su Hijo por obra del Espíritu Santo. La Misa es una recapitulación completa y re-presentación actual de esa obra salvífica. El amor de Dios no nos es comunicado como algo en el pasado, es trasmitido hoy a través del lenguaje del cuerpo del cual nos hablaba el texto de Venard: Cuerpo y Sangre presente en el hecho de ofrecerse. Así como la fe capta la caridad de Dios bajo la señal de la Cruz, esta fe capta la misma obra de Cristo interrumpiendo el tiempo para hacerse presente en la hostia elevada y en el cáliz presentado a nuestro ver. Las pocas palabras sagradas pronunciadas antes de las elevaciones efectúan lo que en silencio se manifiesta.

Al presentarnos a ser recipientes de su entrega gratuita, el Señor nos ofrece comulgar en su caridad. Manifestarse como caridad es una cosa, pero ofrecerse para ser tomado– cuerpo vivo entrándonos para dar vida a los que más la necesitan– es la señal/presencia insuperable de la dinámica de la gracia de Dios: vida dada, por caridad, a que vida tengamos dentro de su misma caridad. Esto nos capacita para ser su pueblo entregado. La Eucaristía es el sacramento de la Caridad así como el Nuevo Testamento mismo es la revelación de la caridad derramada. Así lo enseña Santo Tomás, y así lo explica el Papa Benedicto en la carta Sacramentum Caritatis.

Pero sería una distorsión si no entendemos que la acción del altar nos urge a la caridad con la misma fuerza y vigor del hecho histórico de la Pasión y Resurrección del Señor. Nos pide una respuesta al Señor actualizada en nuestras vidas, y desatada en el mundo de hoy. Esta dinámica es la misma que explicaba Santo Tomás sobre el porqué de la Pasión. El Señor se presenta de esta forma sacramental precisamente para provocar y renovar dentro de nosotros la respuesta de amor. Esta gracia nos salva si dejamos que nos lleve a su fin intencional en la caridad de Cristo operando de por dentro de nosotros.

La caridad de Cristo nos hace sujetos, (agentes) de la caridad, y desde esta caridad, surge la apremiante preocupación de la Iglesia y de cada cristiano de anunciar el Evangelio y de servir a los pobres. Podríamos decir que si el misterio eucarístico no nos mueve a salir y buscar al Cristo a quien le podemos ofrecer una respuesta de amor, poco nos ha tocado lo que hemos visto en el Cristo elevado, y con poco provecho hemos comulgado. La gracia nos salva si dejamos que nos mueva.

5.    La Evangelización de los pobres y el ser evangelizados por ellos

Las renovaciones eclesiales iniciadas por la gracia del Espíritu Santo siempre han surgido a través de un impulso evangelizador, de querer anunciar de varias maneras el evangelio con más clara referencia al Señor Jesús, reconociendo que su estilo de vida y su misión coinciden completamente. Sin duda los movimientos de reforma de espíritu evangélico en la historia de la Iglesia confirman la importancia decisiva de la pobreza de Cristo como punto de referencia. Los franciscanos y los dominicos son ejemplos destacados, aunque no son los únicos.

Les recomiendo la novela La confesión: El diario de Esteban Martorus, (Jus, 2008; Debolsillo, 2016) escrito por el novelista mexicano Javier Sicilia. Es una novela provocadora escrita con profunda sensibilidad católica. Presenta la pobreza de Cristo como luz imprescindible para la Iglesia de hoy. El sacerdote Esteban Martorus, el protagonista de la novela, es un pobre cura, muy limitado en sus capacidades; sin embargo, es un cura entregado. En la primera sección que citaré, el cura es recibido por su cardenal arzobispo. El cardenal ha decidido mandar al sacerdote a un poblado en los montes, un poblado pobre y periferiado. Dentro de un diálogo entre pobreza y poder, el sacerdote le dice lo siguiente al cardenal:

¿Sabe qué me maravilla de la encarnación? —continue—, que es todo lo contrario del mundo moderno: la presencia del infinito en los límites de la carne, y la lucha, la lucha sin cuartel, contra las tentaciones de las desmesuras del diablo. No sabe cuánto he meditado en las tentaciones del desierto. ”‘ Asume el poder’, le decía el diablo; ese poder que da la ilusión de trastocar y dominar todo. Pero él se mantuvo en los límites de su propia carne, en su propia pobreza, en su propia muerte, tan pobre, tan miserable, tan dura. Nuestra época, sin embargo, bajo el rostro de una enorme bondad, ha sucumbido a esas tentaciones. ‘Séran como dioses, cambiarán las piedras en panes, dominarán el mundo’… A ella le hemos entregado a Cristo y no nos damos cuenta.

Lo actual del análisis de Javier Sicilia es la clara identificación de la pobreza con limitación y con falta de poder. Es todo lo contrario del corriente de la cultura de la desmesura que busca cómo superar la limitación inherente de la condición humana; busca establecer una condición ilimitada que pueda definir y constituir su propia realidad. Hemos sometido el tener a los fines del poder, y el poder busca fines de autosuficiencia. La búsqueda incesable de la libertad poderosa es en gran parte búsqueda de independencia total. El no tener que depender de nadie, y el no tener que sufrir que otros dependan de nosotros ha llegado a ser el ideal del progreso socioeconómico. La pobreza perturba la consciencia del mundo que hoy disfruta su poder económico y político. Sin embargo, si somos  honestos, la pobreza de recursos materiales nos horroriza precisamente porque las limitaciones del no-tener son limitaciones de poder y nos recuerdan de la interdependencia de la humanidad, la necesidad de la relación sin la cual no podemos sobrevivir.

En contraste Sicilia identifica la pobreza de Cristo con la condición que abraza el estado limitado y sin poder, incapaz, a fin de cuentas, de superar la dependencia interrelacionada del ser humano. Es una pobreza que no considera las limitaciones de la propia carne como una maldición. Al contrario, Dios Padre decide salvar al mundo a través de la pobreza de su Hijo encarnado quien renuncia el camino del poder manipulador: todo lo contrario del mundo moderno. Y el culmen de esta pobreza (la luz oscura)  es su muerte tan pobre, tan miserable, tan dura. Cristo le pidió agua a la Samaritana y la pidió desde la Cruz. Cristo en su pobreza, (lo que San Pablo dice nos hace ricos), da de sí mismo precisamente al ofrecerse como necesitado, y desde su limitación, nos da la vida. Este hombre, vulnerado y vulnerable, que es Dios, apela a nuestra consciencia, buscando cómo provocarnos a una respuesta de caridad. El misterio de no ser seres autosuficientes, el poder responder a esta condición en el prójimo nos abre a la salvación a través de exponernos a la posibilidad de recibir y dar gratuitamente.

Si el Padre Martorus le da lección al cardenal sobre la dignidad del Cristo pobre y la de los suyos, más tarde en la novela el sacerdote recibe una lección de una amiga de confianza, una anciana religiosa viviendo en la pobreza de la aldea periférica. Le dice lo siguiente:

Si la miseria existe y las estadísticas no mienten es porque el sueño de los ricos ha contaminado los sueños de los pobres. En el fondo ya no existe la pobreza, querido padre. Lo único que existe es la riqueza y la miseria,.. ¿Sabe por qué? Sé bien que lo sabe,… Porque se les ha hecho creer que su pobreza es una enfermedad vergonzosa, una llaga indigna del mundo. Nunca la humanidad, y aquí, discúlpeme, padre, incluyo también a nuestra Santa Madre, había escupido tanto sobre el rostro de Cristo, como si su pobreza se tratara de una porquería, de esa inmunda porquería que colgaron de la cruz y de la cual, como lo hicieron sus detractores, nos burlamos.

El sueño de los ricos ha contaminado los sueños de los pobres, dice ella, indicando así que la pobreza y la miseria son condiciones distintas. El sueño de los ricos equivale soñar de poder manipular todo, poder tenerlo todo, poder dominarlo todo. Se convierte en miseria precisamente cuando la limitación misma se revela resistente al sueño de control y dominio.

La pobreza de recursos no es una enfermedad, una plaga que nos debe causar huir de los pobres. El mundo culpa a los pobres por su pobreza como si no tuviéramos nosotros ninguna responsabilidad. Mientras tanto, una cultura mundial se dedica a sostener el sueño de los ricos, es decir, una cultura desmesurada en su consumo de los bienes del mundo. Existen remedios para mejorar la condición de los pobres, pero empieza con ver el pobre como ser humano, y no ver su sufrimiento como daño colateral que el mundo desmesurado lamenta mientras prosigue con sus sueños.

Resulta, pues, que la frialdad e indiferencia del ser humano enfrentado con la necesidad del pobre es la condición más pobre posible para nosotros como seres humanos; eclipsa la apertura del amor que quiere ver al prójimo, y responderle con gracia, humanamente, gratuitamente. Quizás este aspecto nos ayude a entender lo que dice el Papa Francisco cuando nos propone en EG 198 que Es necesario que todos nos dejemos evangelizar por ellos [los pobres]. La nueva evangelización es una invitación a reconocer la fuerza salvífica de sus vidas y a ponerlos en el centro del camino de la Iglesia. La fuerza salvífica de sus vidas es la fuerza que nos llama a nosotros a responder al sufrimiento con corazón de carne y no de piedra. Sin esta apertura la fe no nos puede salvar.

Los pobres saben una cosa con certeza: sin la ayuda de otros no pueden sobrevivir. Platicando con inmigrantes que han sobrevivido un camino sumamente peligroso, saliendo de Honduras, por ejemplo, y cruzando todo México para llegar a McAllen, Texas, uno oye constantemente como la ayuda de personas o la falta de ayuda ha determinado el curso de sus caminos. En este sentido el inmigrante, representante de una realidad humana de sufrimiento y rechazo que muchos en el mundo no quieren reconocer, es, en su persona, digna y necesitada. El pobre nos ofrece una gracia, una oportunidad, quizás la última, de responder con gracia y superar la indiferencia que nos está matando.

6.    El Mundo que nos interroga

El texto clave sobre la evangelización en la época moderna es la carta apostólica de San Pablo VI, Evangelii Nuntiandi. Quisiera dirigirme a un texto en particular donde habla de una nueva evangelización. En el número 3 de la carta dice lo siguiente:

Las condiciones de la sociedad —decíamos al Sacro Colegio Cardenalicio del 22 de junio de 1973— nos obligan, por tanto, a revisar métodos, a buscar por todos los medios el modo de llevar al hombre moderno el mensaje cristiano, en el cual únicamente podrá hallar la respuesta a sus interrogantes y la fuerza para su empeño de solidaridad humana.

No quiero enfocarme en la cuestión de métodos y medios, sino en la manera sencilla y concisa con que el Santo Padre describe el mensaje cristiano. Se refiere al kerigma y la formación catequética: el mensaje cristiano, en el cual únicamente podrá hallar la respuesta a sus interrogantes y la fuerza para su empeño de solidaridad humana». Hablando de interrogantes y solidaridad el Papa desarrolla el hilo del documento Gaudium et Spes del Vaticano II. Por ejemplo sus palabras resuenan el lenguaje de Gaudium et Spes 3:

En nuestros días, el género humano, admirado de sus propios descubrimientos y de su propio poder, se formula con frecuencia preguntas angustiosas sobre la evolución presente del mundo, sobre el puesto y la misión del hombre en el universo, sobre el sentido de sus esfuerzos individuales y colectivos, sobre el destino último de las cosas y de la humanidad. […] Es la persona del hombre la que hay que salvar. Es la sociedad humana la que hay que renovar. Es, por consiguiente, el hombre; pero el hombre todo entero, cuerpo y alma, corazón y conciencia, inteligencia y voluntad, quien será el objeto central de las explicaciones que van a seguir.

El hombre moderno se cuestiona mucho. Ahora pues, existen interrogantes del intelecto e interrogantes del corazón. Lo de la mente afecta al corazón y lo del corazón afecta a la mente. Por lo tanto, es preciso evitar una interpretación restringida que ve el Evangelio solamente como respuesta a preguntas estrictamente intelectuales. Incluso la pregunta sobre la existencia de Dios no es simplemente una pregunta intelectual; mucho menos las preguntas sobre la salvación. El interrogante sobre Dios y la salvación surge desde por dentro del momento histórico. Y aunque uno admite que el hombre tiene una capacidad enorme de olvidar lo que antes se vivió en otras épocas, y por tal razón piensa que sus dudas son originales, aun así los interrogantes de hoy tocan circunstancias nuevas y requieren respuestas adecuadas.

Existen muchos estudios sobre los movimientos históricos, los fenómenos culturales y las raíces intelectuales que han confluido para crear el aire histórico, cultural e intelectual que respiramos hoy en día. Entre esos estudios aprecio mucho la descripción de nuestra época ofrecida por George Steiner (Real Presences: University of Chicago, 1991), cuando dice que hemos entrado al tiempo del epílogo: En todo momento, mi pregunta es: ¿cuál es el estado y el significado del significado, de la forma comunicativa, en el tiempo de la «palabra posterior»?  Defino este tiempo como la del epílogo (de nuevo, el término contiene Logos).

La época del epílogo acepta la crítica deconstructiva (aun sin examinarla críticamente a fondo), y desespera de la posibilidad de conocer a la verdad. Es la época que desconfía en la verdad de las palabras; es el tiempo del Verbo expulsado de la ciudad. Este tiempo coincide con el tiempo de las palabras multiplicadas sin sentido, y de la palabra manipulada. El cinismo agresivo de hoy ve toda expresión elaborada como juego de poder y control. El diagnóstico de Steiner y otros no queda lejos del sentir que expresa Javier Sicilia en los textos que he citado, donde el fantasma del poder eclipsa cualquier otra aspiración humana.

Vale la pena advertir a la respuesta actual del magisterio en los años más recientes. Creo que hemos visto desarrollarse una hermenéutica sobre el  hombre viviendo en el tiempo del epílogo, de la palabra posterior, o sea, del significado despedazado.

El Papa Benedicto publicó dos encíclicas sobre las virtudes teológicas con la intención de publicar la tercera. Empezó con la caridad (Deus Caritas Est), y siguió con Spe Salvi sobre la esperanza. Ya estaba en preparación la tercera, sobre la fe cuando tomó la humilde decisión de renunciar el papado. El Papa Francisco, también con humildad, reviso y publicó esta tercera, Lumen Fidei, por su propia autoridad. El gran esquema de estas encíclicas afirma que el ser humano hoy en día tiene dificultades captando la fe como respuesta a sus interrogantes si no enfrenta primero su identidad como ser humano en relación con otros seres humanos y si no enfrenta la raíz de su deseo espontáneo de entregarse para crear y recibir un futuro que valga la pena.

El orden de presentación de las encíclicas muestra una continuidad profunda con lo que San Pablo VI enseña en la Evangelii Nuntiandi sobre los interrogantes humanos a los cuales el Evangelio se dirige. El magisterio papal bien ha diagnosticado que dudas y confusiones sobre el porqué del amor y el porqué de la esperanza nos afligen profundamente hoy en día. Sin enfrentar estas, no podemos realmente entender lo que nos ofrece el don y la fe. La sostenida reflexión sobre caridad y esperanza antes de considerar la fe sugiere algo significativo sobre el camino de hoy hacia el Cristo. La caridad y la esperanza son expresiones de gracia que dan credibilidad a la fe, y por extensión al significado del significado, para usar la frase de Steiner.

Santo Tomás claramente enseña que la esperanza y la caridad son frutos del encuentro dinámico con Cristo Crucificado y Resucitado, y que el  movimiento coherente de la gracia dentro del ser humano empieza con la fe en el amor de Dios manifestado en Cristo. El orden mismo de las tres encíclicas nos dice que hoy en día necesitamos atender a la credibilidad de esta dinámica de la gracia. Las circunstancias de hoy implican que algunas culturas con larga presencia cristiana en su seno han perdido el sentido de la unidad de esta dinámica. En vez de ser visto como un desarrollo coherente dentro del creyente, la fe, la esperanza y la caridad son percibidas y apropiadas por individuos en fragmentos y trozos. Igual, poco se aprecia el impacto de la gracia de las virtudes teológicas dentro de la sociedad misma.

Podríamos decir que el camino hacia la verdad de la fe hoy en día inicia con dirigirnos a la credibilidad y la necesidad de la caridad y la esperanza en la vida humana. Como seres humanos, el amor y la esperanza nos preocupan más en la vida concreta que la verdad. Obviamente la verdad debe de preocuparnos más, pero la indiferencia de hoy delante de la cuestión de la verdad domina el espacio cultural en gran parte del mundo actual. No estamos en condiciones para llegar a una preocupación sana sobre la verdad sin, al mismo tiempo, decir y manifestar algo sobre amor y esperanza, caridad y camino.

La crisis humana de hoy no es solamente crisis sobre la credibilidad de la fe; la crisis humana hoy en día es peor que eso: el ser humano ya no cree en el amor. Esto es muy grave. La evangelización, entonces, requiere un enfoque sostenido sobre la credibilidad del amor. En particular requiere un enfoque sobre el amor como algo más que un juego de poder y control, disfrazado detrás de palabras elegantes. El don de sí, la entrega gratuita a favor de los que no nos pueden recompensar, como nos dice el Señor (Lc 14, 14), es el camino hacia el futuro de la fe.

Obviamente, un esfuerzo de evangelizar en este ambiente social necesita recuperar la fuerza salvífica de los pobres. Concluyo esta sección citando de nuevo el Papa Francisco. EG 195: El criterio clave de autenticidad que le indicaron [a San Pablo] fue que no se olvidara de los pobres (cfr. Ga 2,10). Este gran criterio, para que las comunidades paulinas no se dejaran devorar por el estilo de vida individualista de los paganos, tiene una gran actualidad en el contexto presente, donde tiende a desarrollarse un nuevo paganismo individualista. La belleza misma del Evangelio no siempre puede ser adecuadamente manifestada por nosotros, pero hay un signo que no debe faltar jamás: la opción por los últimos, por aquellos que la sociedad descarta y desecha.

7.    El Fin de la historia

Gaudium et Spes 39:

Por eso, aunque hay que distinguir cuidadosamente progreso temporal y crecimiento del reino de Dios, con todo, el primero, por lo que puede contribuir a una mejor ordenación de la humana sociedad, interesa mucho al bien del reino de Dios. Los bienes que proceden de la dignidad humana, de la comunión fraterna y de la libertad, bienes que son un producto de nuestra naturaleza y de nuestro trabajo, una vez que, en el Espíritu del Señor y según su mandato, los hayamos propagado en la tierra, los volveremos a encontrar limpios de toda mancha, iluminados y transfigurados, cuando Cristo devuelva a su Padre «un reino eterno y universal: el reino de la verdad y la vida, el reino de la santidad y la gracia, el reino de la justicia, el amor y la paz». En la tierra este reino está ya presente de una manera misteriosa, pero se completará con la llegada del Señor.

El reino de que se habla presente en una manera misteriosa es el reino de la gracia, de la caridad de Cristo forjando lazos de comunión y entrega dentro de la historia. Las parábolas del Señor hablando del fin de los tiempos, igual que la visión apocalíptica de San Juan, nos comprometen a esta visión de comunión. Visiones de los Santos alrededor del Cordero, imágenes del eterno banquete, de las bodas del Hijo, y de la mujer vestida con el sol, anuncian una transformación del mundo desde por dentro.

Esta visión escatológica queda en la periferia de la conversación actual sobre la evangelización. El horizonte humano reducido al individuo que se cree autosuficiente para construir su futuro, no puede más que reducir los pocos pensamientos que presta a la eternidad a una mezquindad. Aun si el ser humano viviendo durante el epílogo piensa en la eternidad, imagina  un estado perpetuo donde pueda cumplir sus deseos y caprichos. Una eternidad concebida de esa forma se convierte en el perpetuo aburrimiento adumbrado por Sarte y semejantes existencialistas ansiosos del siglo XX.

En este sentido nos urge recuperar el sentido de la evangelización como misión del Espíritu y de la Iglesia íntimamente unida con el fin de los tiempos. Uso la frase fin de los tiempos en dos sentidos: los tiempos que llegarán a un fin, un término, y el fin en sentido de meta o propósito intencional. Dios mueve a la historia a su fin, ese fin de caridad y comunión anunciado en el Evangelio mismo.

La evangelización prepara este fin precisamente a través de desatar la fuerza del evangelio dentro de la historia. La obra caritativa de un pueblo evangelizado es la señal eficaz en el tiempo que ya participa y así anuncia lo que Dios ha planeado para la creación transformada.

La enseñanza de la Iglesia después del Concilio ha movido a expresarse más claramente sobre la evangelización como esfuerzo y evento en la historia, y sobre su relación con la visión escatológica de las sagradas escrituras. Específicamente esta aclaración se manifiesta en el desarrollo reciente de la doctrina social de la Iglesia. Podría citar varios ejemplos en el magisterio de Pablo VI, Juan Pablo II, Benedicto XVI, y del Papa Francisco. Cada uno habla de una relación entre evangelización, doctrina social y la visión escatológica en términos más allá de lo que dice Gaudium et Spes. Como invitación a que busquen ustedes mismos enseñanzas de este tipo, solo citaré unos pocos.

Uno de los aspectos de este avance en la doctrina social de la Iglesia se manifiesta en la manera en que el Papa Benedicto habla de la vía política de la caridad. Aquí la misión evangélica de la Iglesia, la misión del servicio caritativo en el mundo, y el fin del mundo se vinculan estrictamente:

Papa Benedicto CIV 7: Como todo compromiso en favor de la justicia, forma parte de ese testimonio de la caridad divina que, actuando en el tiempo, prepara lo eterno. La acción del hombre sobre la tierra, cuando está inspirada y sustentada por la caridad, contribuye a la edificación de esa ciudad de Dios universal hacia la cual avanza la historia de la familia humana.

El Papa Benedicto en CIV 19, comentando sobre la contribución del Populorum Progressio de Pablo VI, dice lo siguiente:

El subdesarrollo tiene una causa más importante aún que la falta de pensamiento: es “la falta de fraternidad entre los hombres y entre los pueblos”. Esta fraternidad, ¿podrán lograrla alguna vez los hombres por sí solos? La sociedad cada vez más globalizada nos hace más cercanos, pero no más hermanos. La razón, por sí sola, es capaz de aceptar la igualdad entre los hombres y de establecer una convivencia cívica entre ellos, pero no consigue fundar la hermandad. Ésta nace de una vocación transcendente de Dios Padre, el primero que nos ha amado, y que nos ha enseñado mediante el Hijo lo que es la caridad fraterna.

Estos textos, y muchos otros en la Caritas in Veritate, avanzan la enseñanza de Pablo VI sobre la fuerza necesaria para el empeño de solidaridad humana. El tema de la necesidad de la gracia para el mundo se relaciona precisamente aquí. Sí existen aspiraciones e impulsos en la vida del ser humano y de la sociedad que nos animan a la solidaridad y a la esperanza. Estos esfuerzos humanos inculcando relaciones y ambientes de común asociación y fraternidad más allá de lazos familiares siempre han existido en las culturas e historias del mundo. Sin embargo, la enseñanza de Benedicto XVI nota que la aspiración humana buscando como establecer la fraternidad es débil y frágil sin la caridad manifestada en la aplicación concreta de la gratuidad, la misericordia y el espíritu de comunión. Además, continúa el Papa, sin lazos de fraternidad basada en la caridad, ni la justicia se puede lograr.

El número 38 de la Caritas in Veritate, de hecho, resuena con una fuerza extraordinaria cuando dice lo siguiente: La solidaridad es en primer lugar que todos se sientan responsables de todos; por tanto no se la puede dejar solamente en manos del Estado. Mientras antes se podía pensar que lo primero era alcanzar la justicia y que la gratuidad venía después como un complemento, hoy es necesario decir que sin la gratuidad no se alcanza ni siquiera la justicia.

Aun en un contexto social donde la Iglesia es percibida como minoría, la obra caritativa de la comunidad no deja de ser enormemente importante para la misión evangelizadora. La caridad tiene olor de Cristo, y puede ir infiltrando poco a poco las dinámicas sociales del mundo entero. Comunidades y personas aún no creyentes no pueden faltar de ser influidos por esta gracia. Claro, en momentos y espacios particulares esta obra inspira rechazo y hasta persecución; pero aun así vemos que puede inspirar cooperación y grandes esfuerzos en común a favor de los pobres y sufridos Esta realidad forma parte esencial de la misión, ya que en un modo latente y misterioso tiende al triunfo final del Cordero degollado y de su caridad.

Y aquí, el  Papa Francisco, en EG 279: Quizá el Señor toma nuestra entrega para derramar bendiciones en otro lugar del mundo donde nosotros nunca iremos. El Espíritu Santo obra como quiere, cuando quiere y donde quiere; nosotros nos entregamos pero sin pretender ver resultados llamativos. Solo sabemos que nuestra entrega es necesaria. Aprendamos a descansar en la ternura de los brazos del Padre en medio de la entrega creativa y generosa. Sigamos adelante, démoslo todo, pero dejemos que sea Él quien haga fecundos nuestros esfuerzos como a Él le parezca.

En fin, mientras luchamos para compartir la gracia y caridad del Evangelio, y mientras promovemos la justicia sostenida por la caridad, lo que debemos de mantener es la visión eclesial del fin, de un mundo trasformado por la caridad, la entrega gratuita. Esta es la misma gracia derramada sobre los creyentes a través de la Pasión de Cristo y el Espíritu Santo infundido en nuestros corazones: que haga fecundos nuestros esfuerzos como a Él le parezca.

          Epílogo

Agradezco haber podido compartir algunos pensamientos con ustedes; ha sido para mí una gracia.

Antes de terminar, quisiera dar la última palabra al Santo Arzobispo, Óscar Romero. El mártir es la señal escatológica primaria. El Arzobispo dio su vida para Cristo. Su vida, su predicación y su martirio son como una respuesta de amor a Cristo, y al mismo tiempo una respuesta dada con amor a las inquietudes y tragedias que se viven hoy en día. Su vida y enseñanza dan testimonio a la íntima relación entre la vida y entrega del Señor, la santa Misa, los pobres, la doctrina social de la Iglesia, y la visión escatológica del Evangelio mismo. Le rezo al Santo con frecuencia, pidiendo que me ayude a mí, a los demás obispos del país, y a los del mundo entero dar un testimonio fiel.

Citaré dos textos tomados de sus sermones litúrgicos (Homilías y discursos, 1977-1980: Vaticanoterzo, 2015). El primero es tomado de su sermón en la misa exequial del Padre Rutilio Grande, SJ, celebrada en la Catedral de San Salvador (14 March 1977). El Padre Rutilio fue asesinado poco después de la llegada del Monseñor Romero al arzobispado.

La  doctrina social de la Iglesia ]que] les dice a los hombres que la religión cristiana no es un sentido solamente horizontal, espiritualista, olvidándose de la miseria que lo rodea. Es un mirar a Dios, y desde Dios mirar al prójimo como hermano y sentir que “todo lo que hiciereis a uno de éstos a mí lo hicisteis“. Una doctrina social que ojalá la conocieran los movimientos sensibilizados en cuestión social. No se expondrían a fracasos, o miopismo, a una miopía que no hace ver más que las cosas temporales, estructuras del tiempo. Y mientras no se viva una conversión en el corazón, una doctrina que se ilumina por la fe para organizar la vida según el corazón de Dios, todo será endeble, revolucionario, pasajero, violento.

Y luego, un mes después, en el II Domingo de Pascua 1977, del sermón predicado en la parroquia de la Resurrección, colonia de Miramonte:

Peregrinar (con el Señor) para que esta fiesta pascual que cada año se celebra en la parroquia sea una invitación a trabajar por hacer este mundo más humano, más cristiano; pero saber que no está el paraíso aquí en la tierra, no dejarnos seducir por los redentores que ofrecen paraísos en la tierra-no existen-sino el más allá con una esperanza muy firme en el corazón: trabajar el presente, sabiendo que el premio de aquella Pascua será en la medida en que aquí hayamos hecho más feliz también la tierra, la familia, lo terrenal.

Gracias,

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Belonging to the WORD made Flesh (November 2017)

Address to the American Catholic Philosophical Association, Baylor University. I gave this lecture in November 2017. As I reread it for purposes of placing it on this site (because it really is aimed at putting scattered stuff in one place), I am struck by how long it is. I really do need a good editor. I’m grateful for the patience of those who heard it. Despite its flaws, I think it still manages to say some things that are of continuing relevance as we try to understand the intellectual and cultural challenges of our days.

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Belonging to the WORD made Flesh

Address to the American Catholic Philosophical Association, 2017

+Daniel E. Flores, STD

Bishop of Brownsville in Texas

I will spare you an overwrought explanation about why I am speaking at this meeting of the American Catholic Philosophical Association. Briefly, I am not a philosopher. My studies were in Saint Thomas, but the bulk of my overly long dissertation aimed at trying to approach Saint Thomas as he primarily understood himself, namely as a Teacher of Sacred Scripture. That I am a bishop does not make me an obvious entry into these corridors either, given the fact that at least since 1277 bishops are not often encouraged to give a push one way or another to philosophical discourses. The thematic for this year’s convocation, “Philosophy, Faith and Modernity” suggests that there is hope that I might have something to say about Faith in relation to both philosophy and modernity. I will let you be the judge of that. I am, though, a friend of Tom Hibbs, or Dr. Hibbs, as we called him even when we were undergraduates at the University of Dallas. He was very good to me in those early days, and we had many a good laugh. He used to urge me to write in shorter sentences. I am still trying to do that. He asked me to come, and because friendship is an enduring habit which gently binds the willing conscience, I am happy to be here. It is not irrelevant to my purpose this evening to open with references to Thomas the Teacher of Sacred Scripture, the dawn of the 14th Century, and to friendship.

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I will start with Thomas, specifically with his commentary on the Letter to the Hebrews. His exposition of that letter is a beautiful expression of Thomas’ exegetical mind. It is also a text that has been somewhat neglected by both philosophers and theologians. This may have to do with the fact that within the commentaries on the Pauline corpus, Thomas’ commentary on Hebrews presents unique textual difficulties; it is transmitted to us through two interpolated reportationes.(1) This is vexing to the reader for reasons I need not go into here. For my purposes this evening I would simply point out that in the first lecture on chapter one, the received text reports Thomas commenting on the sense of the verse: 

In times past, God spoke in partial and various ways to our fathers through the prophets; in these last days, he spoke to us through a son, whom he made heir of all things and through whom he created the universe […]

Thomas uses the occasion to explain that God’s speaking is first of all the eternal generation of the Word. Further, this eternal conceptum is expressed in three ways: First in creation, secondly in the revelations to the angels, the saints and the prophets of what lays hidden in the WORD, and thirdly in the Incarnation itself. Within this three-fold movement of expression that issues from the eternal WORD, only the latter two, revelation and Incarnation, have the character of a word, properly speaking. 

Thomas says explicitly that this is because the latter two are ordered ad manifestationem. The first expression, he says, namely creation, is not ordered to manifestation but rather to being, and thus does not have the character of a word spoken. It is never said in Scripture, Thomas notes, that God speaks by creating creatures, but rather that he is known by creating them: numquam dicitur, quod Deus loquatur creando creaturas, sed quod cognoscatur. Rom. I, 20: invisibilia Dei etc,… (2) In short, creation is an act of the Word, but it is a speaking (Let there be light) producing something that is not quite a word. 

This way of describing reality puts into play the existence of knowers other than God, namely angels and human beings. Because even if Scripture does not ever say God produced a kind of word by creating creatures, it does say that he is known in this creative act. Creation is capable, and in the divine wisdom was meant to convey something beyond itself, to other knowers. We might say that this expressive power of created being, in the long run, is fairly meager, for although it can express beyond itself, it never quite allows us to know the who behind all the whats

When moving from expression to word, Thomas describes how God’s speaking ad manifestationem makes known more about the speaker than what his works convey. What characterizes this “more” made known by words is the manifestation of interior intentionality. This is equivalent to saying that God’s speaking to angels and prophets is variously ordered ad cognitionem sapientiae divinae. Thomas thus preserves the word “word” as an intentional revelation of a prior intellectual understanding, by its nature interior to the speaker, to another intellectual being. Thomas, not surprisingly, refers in this context to Augustine’s discussion of the verbum vocis being a manifestation of the prior Verbum cordis. The Incarnation, of course, is the singularly perfect self-expression to us of the Verbum cordis of the Father.

What is implicit in this account, unspoken we could say, is that we human beings are capable of putting words together to describe expressions, that is to say, realities that are not words. This is the primordial grandeur of the human creation. Our first words are words about what is. And when it comes to other persons, our words are about who the what is.

Apparently, when speaking to human beings, the only way available to God is that of adaptation to our understanding. And this involves adaptation to the way signaled by our own prior exercise of the speaking power, which in turn derives from our interaction with created things and other speaking human beings. But to speak of God having to adapt to our way of speaking, while true, is not the most fortuitous way to say this. It is more accurate to describe Thomas’ wisdom here by saying creation was conceived originally in the WORD precisely to serve as the gentle medium of God’s speaking to us about what lies hidden in his heart, the verbum cordis.

Creation is the language God conveniently uses to address us precisely because he made us word capable beings who already interact and put words on creation. The sensible, intelligible and imaginal species granted to the prophets are communication via figuration, that is to say, meanings conveyed by images drawn from our experience of creation and specified to say something about the speaker. Part of what he speaks has to do with the deeper rationes governing creation (ad esse) in the first place. 

Thus, the interpersonal use of wordy images to say something to each other makes it possible for God to specify created knowables to say something about Himself to us. Think of Hosea 11:4:

Yet it was I who taught Ephraim to walk, who took them in my arms; I  drew them with human cords, with bands of love; I fostered them like one who raises an infant to his cheeks; Yet, though I stooped to feed my child, they did not know that I was their healer.

We have to have had some interaction with cords and bands to understand their relation to love, and we have to have some concept of familial fostering to understand that God is saying something about himself beyond what our human interactions can express. Again, in the divine wisdom, creation is the medium through which God can speak a word to us.

Thomas, we should note, reserves a particular phrase for describing the Word Incarnate, viewed precisely as a Word. His coming in the flesh is ordered ad expressam manifestationem. With delightful austerity of words, Thomas says of the WORD: Et se nobis expresse manifestavit. The adverb expresse for Thomas implies a kind of literal directness. Jesus is the historically literal expression of the divine wisdom. Human nature is a created expression of image and likeness, but by the incarnation the human creation is elevated to become a word. And the concrete human nature of Christ becomes the word addressed by God to us. Indeed, the whole of Christ’s living, dying and rising (the acta et passa) is creation becoming the most expressive word from God to us. 

In short, we could say that neither things nor persons could ever tell us how much love sustains the existence of all that is were it not for the WORD made flesh who in time showed us his heart.

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Maritain wrote a remarkable little work entitled An Essay on Christian Philosophy, based on a lecture he gave at Louvain in 1931. I am sure you are familiar with it. In it he forthrightly distinguished between the nature of philosophy as a discipline of the mind, and the conditions of its exercise. As a discipline of the mind, we could say, in the language of Thomas on Hebrews 1,1, that it is the worded consideration of creation’s native expressiveness.

I think Maritain is fundamentally correct when he goes on to say that Christian philosophy is an intelligible concept only if we take into account the historical state of the philosopher thinking. Faith, considered as the state of a thinking person, cannot help but influence the kinds of things we think about. Most basically this is as unpremeditated as deciding where to look when standing in front of a sunrise. There are reasons we look one way or another, though I suspect we are not always aware of those reasons. Directing the gaze of the philosophical beholder is part of what faith does for us.

When writing about the conditions of its exercise, Maritain illustrates how the Christian faith of a philosopher has historically impacted the turn of his or her gaze in philosophical matters. We are all familiar with the principal examples he proposes: the metaphysics of existence and the philosophical inquiry into the meaning of person. Both of these are powerfully at play in the exposition of the letter to the Hebrews I just alluded to. But that is not exactly where I wish to focus right now; rather I want to highlight another aspect of the condition of philosophy. At one point Maritain says the following:

The philosopher’s experience itself has been revitalized by Christianity. He is offered as a datum a world that is the handiwork of the Word, wherein everything bespeaks the Infinite Spirit to finite spirits who know themselves as spirits. What a starting point! Here is, as it were, a fraternal attitude towards things and reality, — I mean in so far as they are knowable – for which the progress of the human mind is indebted to the Christian Middle Ages. There is every indication that it was this attitude which laid the groundwork for the flowering of the empirical sciences on the one hand and for the expansion of reflective knowledge in which modern times pride themselves on the other. (3)

A fraternal attitude towards things and reality. Here, Maritain refers to a stance before creation. Christianity brings to the believer a conviction that the universe we dwell in is at its deepest root a friendly and intelligible place because it is an expression of the WORD, who for the believer has laid bare the intentions of his heart. 

The difference and distinction between philosophy and theology, human interaction with the world and faith in the word spoken by God to us and proposed by the Church is vital for us. But the seamless character of Thomas’ thoroughly theological account in the commentary on Hebrews is part of its attraction and persuasiveness. It establishes the perimeters of our fraternal and friendly attitude towards things and realities.

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A pronounced feature of the current configuration of modernity is a nearly complete cultural evaporation of this conviction about our fraternal relation to things and reality. Perhaps it is only through the condition of this cultural waning that we realize how much Western culture has taken for granted the Christian sources of our once having felt “at home in the universe”.

The optimist narrative of the Enlightenment has given way to a post-modern cultural narrative of skepticism and isolation: a cultural deconstruction that stares at the abyss and blinks. Indeed, it is cruelly ironic that the attitude which, on Maritain’s telling, early on emboldened both empirical and reflective knowledge has brought us to this place.

A growing literature of contemporary historical study describes the condition of post-modernity as the manifestation of the slow philosophical collapse that unfolded as a result of theological options taken in the 14th century. John Milbank, Brad Gregory, Michael Gillespie, Thomas Pfau and others have contributed to a reconsideration and reconfiguration of the post-modern narrative.(4) In these accounts, the Scotist insistence that the term being be applied to God and creation univocally, and Ockham’s focus on the distinction between the potentia absoluta and potentia ordinata of God variously initiate shifts in intellectual inquiry. These, in turn, affected subsequent political, social and cultural configurations. 

In differing ways these authors identify the decisive turns in late medieval theology that set the gaze, so to speak, of the philosophical discourse in the ages that followed. The more recent historical narratives focus on the philosophical, literary, political and cultural effects of intellectual roads taken and not taken. It is the tale of the move away from what Thomas describes in his commentary on Hebrews 1, 1, as the fitting relation between creation and the God who speaks to us. And, it seems to me, it is the narrative genealogy of what could be described as the opposite of Maritain’s fraternal attitude toward things and reality. In this sense, it is the tale of the maturation of our current cultural condition, appropriately called the aggressively adversarial. 

The balrog never went away, he only slept. But the dwarves dug too deeply in the mines, and he was awakened.

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In the reading from the Gospel of John that I often use at Funeral Masses, after saying to Martha I am the resurrection and the life, the Lord asks her: Do you believe this?” When I say Funeral Masses I sometimes experience what I call a suspended moment. The suspended moment happens especially when the Mass is for an elderly grandmother or grandfather, lifelong communicants, with the 8 or so surviving children present, and the two hundred or so grandchildren and great grandchildren, cousins and grand-nieces and great-nephews. I gaze at the younger ones, the teenagers and young adults. Some are devoutly participating in the Mass, others are present but in some way are looking in from the outside, aloof and perhaps bewildered by the Gospel read and the unfolding liturgy. As I look across the expanse of the Church, all are in sorrow, and many could say with Martha, “Yes Lord, I have come to believe”. Others, I think, cannot say it; they would like to believe, but for some reason, at this juncture in their lives, they cannot. And so in a suspended moment of blankness, I wordlessly say: Lord, you know better than any of us how it is hard for them. 

Grace, of course, can insinuate itself in the most inhospitable circumstances, as rain can give life to the most parched land. I am in no way suggesting our time is particularly adept at frustrating the surprising ends of grace. I am suggesting, though, that the Church as a communion of self-moving agents, needs to understand more deeply how the parching manifests itself, so as to better offer our graced agency for the advancement of the the Kingdom. Is the difficulty today due in part to a sense that the final hope for a reconciled universe in Christ Risen seems “unreal” to so many, especially young people, today, given the way they experience life? And is this perhaps related to being born into a culture of adversarial presumptions? 

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There’s a lot of ugly stuff in the world, I say to Confirmation candidates. I think the young people I speak to, and their parents for that matter, get what I am referring to when I say this. I think they get it more readily than if I were to say there is a lot of bad stuff in the world, or if I were to say there are a lot of lies in the world. It is a deliberate strategy, because I am banking on the fact that the apprehension of the ugly and the beautiful can still have a spontaneous impact on human experience. People trust their gut more when it comes to the experience of beauty and ugliness, than they do when it comes to the good and the true. As Walker Percy might say, as a society we have surrendered judgments about the true and the good to the experts. I do not think ordinary folks have yet similarly surrendered judgments about the beautiful. 

The triumph of the ugly is an option a teenager learns about quickly. Gangs and a culture of violence are about power made glamorous. Drugs, alcohol and pornography are about an escape culture made preferable to reality; and the drug and human trafficking trade is about a wealth culture that visualizes people only as buyers, sellers and commodities. As Pope Benedict put the question: maybe the beautiful is the illusion, and the ugly is what is most real.(5) This is the question I know a great many teenagers in my diocese ask themselves in one form or another. To abandon hope in the triumph of the beautiful over the ugly is another way to describe despair.

In Laudato Sí Pope Francis makes the almost apocalyptic argument that we are witnessing the normalization of the notion that goodness and beauty are synonymous with utility. It’s an old human threat, but technical prowess and economic power make the grasping manipulation of ourselves, our neighbor and our surroundings monstrously achievable. This limitless commodification of reality for purposes of provoking limitless consumptive desire in turn stimulates adversarial stances that mark the relations between the wants of wanters and the wanted. The voracious advance of this age of usage makes human ecology increasingly hostile to humanity itself. The first sign of this hostility is the manipulation of the poor. Vulnerability is a synonym for poverty in this situation. For power is identified with the ability to use the less powerful, and to defend oneself from being used by others. The second sign is the devastation of the natural ecology. We are deeply down this road. 

Another sign, not surprisingly, is the cheapening of words. In the world of the young people I meet at funerals or at confirmations, words are mostly experienced as things aimed at them, strategically designed to provoke their consumptive desires, or more sinister still, to seduce them into accepting someone else’s consumptive desire. This aggressiveness holds powerful sway, and suggests that our cultural moment despairs that words, bodiliness, and the whole of material creation, in the end, are anything more than instruments of power. In this environment the Church in her intellectual endeavors and in her moral and social witness must be particularly conscious of how suspiciously people today view the use of words.

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Cultural awareness of this phenomenon addressed by Laudato Sí is at least partially expressed in the enduring popularity, especially with the young, of much dystopian fiction. Sometimes in confirmation homilies I say something like: “the world was not supposed to be like the Hunger Games or like the Game of Thrones». Really good dystopian fiction, somewhat apocalyptic in form, places in plain view what a lot of our people suspect is underneath the mundane order we currently inhabit and participate in: the ugly understood as adversarial dominates. And I think this is one of the reasons young people are attracted to such stories: the levers they suspect operate beneath the superficial niceness of the world they experience run about undisguised.

Of the two, the Game of Thrones is the darker, and I am not sure what to make of its final intentions. I am waiting, like many others, for the final volume. My read of the novels to date suggests the subversion is aimed at any notion that goodness has a recognizable face in this world. Except perhaps for Ned Stark, there are few likable characters. Early on Ned is killed brutally in plain view, as if to tell us at the outset that in these stories do not expect the unexpected arrival of the eagles, nor any other sign within history to prefigure better things to come. Motives and alliances, plots and plans, the use and abuse of power and the exploitation of the desires for power, sex and revenge are so intricately complex that the narrative forces the reader to suspend judgment about any basis for discerning the noble in life. The novels teach the reader that the surest sign someone will die brutally soon is that the author graciously grants them a likable trait. 

The Game of Thrones, whether conceived so or not, is a parable of deconstruction. As a philosophical, literary and cultural phenomenon deconstruction is a movement that sees meaning as a pure invention of the aggressive mind; meaning, thus, is something like a human institution. And like institutions, words must be shown for what they are when deconstructed: at root, words are tools of an aggressive kingdom that keeps its subjects within a controlled dominion. In that sense worded meaning is an extension of the human power-play. This distrust of meaning is extended to the Church in a particularly intense way because she is perceived as the paramount institution that proposes meaning. 

Being an institution whose intellectual tradition is inherently protective of the claims of signification is not the real problem, though. The problem for us is construing the institution and the meanings without relation to their their original source and final end in the WORD eternal. The various versions of deconstruction admit of no such original source that lies behind and above both meanings and institutions. We, in fact, do admit of this source, which is why the fruit of our labor should be hope. Deconstruction, thus, is an apophaticism that cannot conceive of the WORD both before and beyond human wordiness, and that cannot conceive of love as relevant to the question of meaning.(6)

For the Catholic, therefore, the idolatry of worded meaning is a temptation, as is the rendering of Church in her temporal form as an absolute. In the case of the Church, her form derives from the Kingdom of the crucified and risen Christ, just as in apophaticism, meaning is derivative and relative to the WORD beyond human speaking. Temporal meanings and ecclesial forms are necessary for us as vehicles toward that which they both sacramentally signify. Words and the Church house us in a forward moving fashion. Their form will give way when they have served their poor yet noble purpose. 

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Before I let you go in peace this evening, part of our current situation that I would like to address involves the reduction of social relationality. An individual’s relations to the world outside are increasingly difficult to account for, apart from our having willed them. As a consequence, our wider social and political culture has no basis to talk about mutual concern and compassion apart from the language of purely willed associations. These willed associations resolve to the isolated individual who tends to view relations suspiciously. 

In our current social predicament, for example, law is conceived as primarily a matter of discerning how to avoid the evils that unrestrained relationality might cause to the good of national sovereignty, community safety and individual rights. This state of affairs is precisely the result of the dropping out of our political consciousness a sense of legally expressed positive norms that govern the prior good of human relationality. Law as aimed at promoting the good ordering of relations, so that goods can be achieved by individuals and families within a community, seems to have passed out of our perception of social order. This makes it extremely difficult, for example, to discuss legal reforms that address the human goods of immigrants and immigrant communities. Moral claims based on the responsibilities that flow from our common humanity are unintelligible to large parts of the population.

The eclipse of human relationality as a fundamental given of politics and law is the legacy of a post-Kantian search for an expression of law that serves as a kind of individualist imperative derived a priori and applied universally. The tragedy of our age is that the a priori universal that seems to govern our moral/political discourse is that of individual autonomy and the radical freedom of the will. Limitation of freedom by secondary laws is permitted only in so far as the freedom is perceived to cause injury to another. At present the “perception of injury” that society permits to be legally prohibited capriciously excludes vast swaths of the population, from the unborn to the comatose patent, with the poor and the immigrant standing temporally somewhere in between.

The adversarial is at work in the world precisely as a competitive human paradigm: Resources are limited and so the world belongs to those who know how to attain and use them to construct for themselves a modicum of security. Thus Darwin has become popularized into a kind of eschatological frame. Survival of the fittest is the destiny of man. Theological neglect of Christological eschatology has left us in a void that philosophical eschatologies, based on faulty accounts of human relationality, have filled in the popular mind. 

The stark question that hovers unnoticed over moral and political discourse is this: Is the human a conflicted animal in search of communion, or a conflicted animal poised to fight the final conflict so that the stronger individuals may survive. I would note that the last writings of Rene Girard tended to frame the apocalyptic question this way.(7) Yet, whether or not one accepts the basic premises of Girard’s theory of mimetic violence, the setting into relief of the importance of competing eschatologies is of great value. For the simple truth is that as human beings, the future we believe in decisively informs the present we work for.

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Thomas Pfau’s book Minding the Modern is both a joy to read and deeply instructive, but of all the elements in that volume that impressed themselves on my memory, the most striking is a comment he makes late in the book, almost in passing. While discussing Emmanuel Levinas he says the following:

Levinas rejects modernity’s leading paradigm of knowledge as “thematization and conceptualization.” For in taking possession of the object within a categorical framework we invariably account for it in terms of what it is not (as per Spinoza’s omnis determinatio est negatio), thereby conceiving knowledge as something altogether “impersonal.” The result, in Levinas strident phrase, is a “philosophy of injustice” (TI, 46). Plato (as indeed Coleridge himself) might have simply called it a philosophy that no longer offers a conceptual or imaginative space for love—which might itself be the most salient characteristic of philosophical modernity.(8)

Pfau describes the one thing modern philosophical project has left unattended: “a philosophy that no longer offers a conceptual or imaginative space for love.”  I would like to hold this text in mind while further invoking something else Thomas says in the first lecture on Hebrews 1,1:

What is said, in many and varied ways, etc., shows forth that all ordered multiplicity should be ordered to One. Thus it says that granted the mode is multiple, nevertheless all is ordered to this newest thing.(9)

This “newest thing” (Istud novissimum)to which Thomas refers is the coming of the Word made flesh. 

There is a kind of “belonging to the Word” which establishes our inherently relational condition as creatures. This belonging inclines us toward a fraternal attitude towards things and reality. A Catholic philosopher, it seems to me, must find sources in the faith of the Church to breath deeply this air. This means that his or her life must follow the dynamic of grace and dwell in this world as one belonging to the WORD made flesh, the expresse manifestavit se of the Incarnation. Christ the Lord seeks to permeate this natural yet wounded relationality with the breath of Trinitarian love. No dystopian deconstruction can eclipse this outpouring, unless we, unsure of our agency in grace, let it.

There is a kind of evangelization of the mind that we need to pursue. It takes as its starting point the fact of charity unleashed upon the world by the WORD made flesh. This is the principal condition affecting the work of a Catholic philosopher, a Catholic theologian, a Catholic novelist. The WORD, who in the end shows Himself as the WORD of love, seeks to work Himself, as love, into the fabric of being. It is this love, the basis of friendship with God, with one another, and with creation that has its own attractive power. 

There is an Augustinian text from the Tractates on John that Jean-Luc Marion is fond of citing : Ista attractio, ipsa est revelatio, Saint Augustine says: This attraction is itself the revelation.(10) We forget how extraordinary the original Christian claim of a loving God inserting himself into a broken but at root friendly universe was to the pagans. The adversarial character of our surroundings was never far from a great deal of ancient mythology. And it is not far from a great deal of contemporary mythology. The announcement that proposed dispelling the darkness while accounting for it was, and is deeply attractive. The truth itself is attractive, but its attractiveness in every age must be manifested against the backdrop of a kind of wounded resistance: The philosophical task is to let the faith gently guide our gaze at creation, so that its expressiveness might be properly worded. That wording is our noblest service of love both to God and to the world he seeks to befriend.

Thank you for your kind attention.

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Notes:

1) The Marietti printed editions, and the Busa electronic versions that convey this text to us most readily, make note of this feature of the textual tradition.

2) Super Epistolam B. Pauli ad Hebraeos lectura a capite I ad caput VI instructa a Remigio Nanni. Textum Taurini 1953 editum ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias magneticas denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit (corresponding to Marietti no. 15): […] Prima autem expressio, scilicet in creatione, non ordinatur ad manifestationem, sed ad esse, Sap. I creavit Deus ut essent omnia. Cum ergo expressio non habeat rationem locutionis nisi prout ordinatur ad manifestationem, manifestum est, quod illa expressio non potest dici locutio, et ideo numquam dicitur, quod Deus loquatur creando creaturas, sed quod cognoscatur. Rom. I, 20: invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt, intellecta conspiciuntur. 

3) Jacques Maritain, An Essay on Christian Philosophy (Translated by Edward H. Flannery, Philosophical Library, 1955), 23.

 4) See John Milbank (Beyond Secular Order: Wiley and Sons, 2013), Charles Taylor (A Secular Age: Belknap Press, Harvard, 2007), Brad S. Gregory (The Unintended Reformation, Belknap, 2012), Michael Allen Gillespie (The Theological Origins of Modernity, University of Chicago Press, 2008), Thomas Pfau (Minding the Modern, Human Agency, Intellectual Traditions and Responsible Knowledge, Notre Dame, 2013)

5) Ratzinger, “La Belleza” in La Belleza, La Iglesia (Ediciones Encuentro, 2006, electronic format): Hoy tiene mayor peso otra objeción: el mensaje de la belleza se pone completamente en duda a través del poder de la mentira, de la seducción, de la violencia, del mal. ¿Puede ser auténtica la belleza o al final no es más que una mera ilusión? La realidad, ¿no es en el fondo malvada? El miedo de que, al final, no sea el aguijón de lo bello lo que nos conduzca a la verdad, sino que la mentira, lo que es feo y vulgar constituyan la verdadera «realidad», ha angustiado a los hombres de todos los tiempos.

6) See William Franke, Dante and the Sense of Transgression (Bloomsbury, 2013).

7) See esp. Rene Girard, Battling to the End, Michigan State, 2010, translated by Mary Baker.

8) Thomas Pfau Minding the Modern, Human Agency, Intellectual Traditions and Responsible Knowledge (Notre Dame, 2013), Ch 20.

9) Marietti no. 14: […] Quod enim dixerat, multifarie multisque modis, etc., ostendit quia omnis multitudo ordinata, ad unum debet referri. Ideo dicit, quod licet sit modus multiplex, tamen totum ordinatum est ad istud novissimum.

10) Opere de Sant’ Agostino, commento al Vangelo e alla prima epistola Di San Giovanni (Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana, Citta’ Nuova Editrice, XXIV/1, 1968/1985.) Tractatus 26, 5. Pg 600. See Jean-Luc Marion, Givenness and Revelation (Oxford, 2016), Ch 2.

A Verse in Two Languages about a priest and a stranger at the Church door (Sometime in 2013)

Something I wrote in 2013, below is a play on words in two languages. If you find the quick switch from one language to the other disconcerting, that is not necessarily a bad thing. Understanding someone else is never easy, and we deceive ourselves if we think it is. It takes effort and love. This could be entitled «The Passion in the Translation,»

Algo que escribí en 2013, lo que sigue es un juego de palabras en dos idiomas. Si usted queda desconcertado con el cambio abrupto de idiomas, está bien. Entender a otra persona jamás ha sido fácil, y nos engañamos a nosotros mismos si pensamos que lo es. Requiere esfuerzo y amor. Se podría titular «La pasión en la traducción”.

The morning Mass was over,

And the last rosary lady done;

Father looked at his watch quickly,

And smiled, only 8:41.

The curate enjoyed the quiet,

Soft-shooing the carpeted floor,

Jingling keys and musing,

Aiming for the furthest back door.

I’m free for a coffee and donut,

Until the business manager at ten,

(Something about youth expenses gone over,

And the pastor’s concerned yet again);

Then maybe time for a run,

Or even a trip to the gym.

At the door in the shadows, a heaving,

As light slowly breathed its way in.

Maybe it’s a case for the Charities,

a man who claims two kids and a wife,

or maybe a thirty-something,

Suddenly worried at the meaning of life.

Cheerfully as the hour could muster:

Good morning, young man, how are you?

Paradito solo en la puerta

Encajado por el umbral,

Se presentó un joven enrojecido,

Camiseta agujerada, expuesto el costillar.

Rasgos de alambre dentado

Marcaban las manos y morral,

Apretando cachucha de juego,

De los Yánkis, (si puedes tú imaginar)

El joven escuchó sólo sonidos:

Good morning, young man, how are you?

Ave María Purísima,

Said the youth behind the last pew.

El cura encogió hombros macizos,

Gesto tal vez de no saber replicar;

After a moment of silence,

In the best Spanish he could command,

The curate spoke from a distance,

To the joven with a cap in his hand:

Hola muchacho, ¿Qúe tal?

El joven vio las llaves del cura,

Con ansias ya de cerrar,

Y recordando lo de Cristo y Pedro,

Decidió con más apuro hablar:

Bendiga me, Padre, le pido,

Al verle mi lengua quiere soltar.

He viajado aquí desde mi pueblo,

Donde muerte y vida son cuates

Que por Dios se suelen mezclar,

Bailamos la danza del duelo

Al son de dos tiros o más,

De tal modo marcamos el turno,

De las caras que ya no están;

País donde mártires sonríen,

A saber que no se pueden confesar,

Donde caudillos quizá se persignen

Antes de ordenar fusilar.

Fairly familiar the speaking,

The sounds that came to his ear;

Words much faster than in Texas,

When the teacher’s meaning was clear.

Prometí a la Virgen Morena,

Si guiara como estrella mi afán,

Que  le rezara tres Aves Marías,

Antes de buscarme un pan,

En el primer templo encontrado abierto,

Sea con riesgo que otros

Espiándome me verán.

The Father caught next to nothing,

Of the phrases that came through the fear.

He thought to call the Gardener,

By blood if not birth related,

To the fellow standing right here.

He muttered a quick disculpe thinking:

Lord, get me out of this bind.

Maybe a swift pointing toward the office,

And the day could go on as designed.

But the measure you measure,

Was the phrase that came to his mind.

¿Se impacienta  un poco, Padre?

Lo siento, de veras que sí,

Que sólo le llegan

Sonidos que caen al azar,

Como cuando el corriente del río se acerca a saludar

Con gotas más bien dirigidas

Al llamado que les hace el Mar.

Still, Social Services has an office,

Not taxing because really not far,…

The government would still let them feed him,

(Though the bishop said no travel by car.)

Then the stranger started to speak faster,

Never lifting his eyes from the floor;

This shower of words kept coming

Like a river that poured through the door.

Permítame Padre, le pido,

Hincarme aquí a rezar,

Pronto salgo para fuera,

No le quiero más molestar.

Pero, encontrar una iglesia sin llave,

Me parece una gracia real

Y el respiro de mi alma,

Algo que la Virgen esperando dar luz al Cristo

Hoy me desea regalar.

Maybe the mention of Christ and the Virgin,

And something about grace and today,

Announced a different hunger

–not food or referrals–

For this joven muchacho

Stopping a cleric on his way.

So the priest asked

¿Como te llamas, joven?

(Sputtering for something to say),

¿En qué te puedo ayudar?

Y el joven respirando de veras,

Hasta sus ojos alcanzó levantar,

Le dijo al cura, Me llamo José Ángel,

A sus órdenes me quiero prestar.  

The name José Angel

In a single breath came through,

With a look of longing, —

The young man just gazed at the pew.

Dirigió sus ojos a la banca,

Silenciosa palabra universal,

Y causó que el cura se fijara,

En los ojos a punto de llorar.

He only wanted a few minutes

To kneel in the pew and to pray,

Before the door was locked

And el Santísimo, hidden for the rest of the day,

So the priest breathed in and said pase,

And putting his keys clean away,

Announced gently: José Ángel, God bless you,

I’ll close up later in the day.

Sin llave dejó la puerta,

Y lentamente el cura parpadeó,

Ladeando la cabeza en seña,

Un pase quieto emitió:

Entendió José Ángel Dios te ayude,

Más tarde pasaré a cerrar.

Que en lenguaje de los Ángeles,

sin pecado concebida,

se podría interpretar.

Sort of a genuine wonder,

What happened really that day,

Que Ave María Purísima,

Se logró ese día pronunciar.

And that conceived without sin,

Got stammered back

In some way.

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22 March 2013

“Calico Joe”, Baseball, and Forgiveness

John Grisham wrote a book that I read some time back. The book is entitled “Calico Joe,” a well told baseball story. I like baseball stories. Some of the most enjoyable novels I have read have had a baseball backdrop. The sport lends itself to a rhythmic narrative that punctuates the pace of life. Like the game itself, novels set in the context of baseball games fall naturally into a pattern of action, followed by interludes of memory, observation, and commentary. 

“Calico Joe” is fitted into a fictionally reconfigured 1973 baseball season. It is about a man named Paul, whose father was a major league pitcher and whose hero, Calico Joe, was a rookie-phenomenon in 1973. It is also about the boy Paul who grows up to become the man, and who tells the story. Now, I was about the age of the boy Paul during the baseball season of 1973, and the story’s accents about that time, seen through the eyes of an 11 year old, turned my eye to a part of the memory I had not visited in a while. To me, that fact alone was worth the price of admission to the story. But there is more. 

Baseball is beautiful to watch, with its manicured fields, its clean, chalked lines stretching out, in principle, to infinity to define and embrace time and space, all providing a paradise-like field on which to play a free and fair game (tip of the hat to Bart Giamatti, may he rest in peace). But, as in all things human, there is pain and sorrow between the chalked lines, just as there is grace and beauty. “Calico Joe” has to do with a boy who must make peace as a man with the smashed hopes, the sorrow and the pain that enveloped his childhood. He must re-visit the troubling memory of his father’s self-absorption, and his child-like admiration of a player, Calico Joe, who in addition to being a figure of heroic proportions, was not his father. 

There are pitches in the game, and there are pitches in life. Some seem uniquely aimed to ruin things forever, and some can make it possible to get to a better place. You need a special kind of eye to see either kind of pitch coming. The theme is simple, perennial, human: in the end, which pitch prevails? 

I recommend the book because it is gently and elegantly told, spare in its use of literary ornament, yet capable of pulling you into a serious reflection about what it means to forgive someone. The story-teller does not provide you with a light-hearted path to this reflection on forgiveness, but he does show you what is humanly possible when the truth is brought to light. We can try to re-write the past, or try to bury it; neither of these opens life to a curative path. You can, though, have the courage to face things as they are, and —like a kid who still remembers how to hope for a good pitch—you can take a chance that anger and resentment can give way to something better.

And because baseball is a graceful game, whenever a good story explores what is humanly possible in the environs of a baseball park, it explores, often clandestinely, what is at the same time a gracefully possible next play in life.

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St Cyprian of Carthage, on the Will of God

Saint Cyprian of Carthage offers this brief and clear text on what constitutes the will of God the Father. When I was in college taking a course in Patristic Latin, Father Placid O.Cist., often extolled the reserved beauty of St Cyprian’s Latin prose. His style reflects the “reserve in speaking» he mentions in the passage below.. The excerpt is from the reading that occurs every year in the Liturgy of the Hours, Wednesday, XI week in Ordinary time. This text is like an old friend that appears just in time to keep us centered. I include English and Spanish translations of the Latin text below.

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Ex Tractátu sancti Cypriáni epíscopi et mártyris De domínica oratióne (N. 15):
Volúntas autem Dei est quam Christus et fecit et dócuit. Humílitas in conversatióne, stabílitas in fide, verecúndia in verbis, in factis iustítia, in opéribus misericórdia, in móribus disciplína, iniúriam fácere non posse et factam posse toleráre, cum frátribus pacem tenére, Dóminum toto corde dilígere, amáre in illo quod Pater est, timére quod Deus est, Christo nihil omníno præpónere, quia nec nobis quicquam ille præpósuit, caritáti eius inseparabíliter adhærére, cruci eius fórtiter ac fidénter assístere, quando de eius nómine et honóre certámen est, exhibére in sermóne constántiam qua confitémur, in quæstióne fidúciam qua congrédimur, in morte patiéntiam qua coronámur: hoc est coherédem Christi velle esse, hoc est præcéptum Dei fácere, hoc est voluntátem Patris implore.

From the Treatise of St Cyprian of Carthage, bishop and martyr, on the Lord’s Prayer, no. 15:
«All Christ did, all he taught, was the will of God. Humility in our daily lives, an unwavering faith, a sense of modesty in conduct, reserve in speaking, justice in our acts, mercy in our deeds, discipline in our habits, refusal to harm others, a readiness to suffer harm, peaceableness with our brothers, a whole-hearted love of the Lord, loving him because he is Father, fearing him because he is God; preferring nothing to Christ who preferred nothing to us, clinging tenaciously to his love, standing by his cross with loyalty and courage whenever there is any conflict involving his honor and his name, manifesting in our speech the constancy of our profession and under torture confidence for the fight, and in dying the endurance for which we will be crowned — this is what it means to wish to be coheir with Christ, to keep God’s command; this is what it means to do the will of the Father.»+++

Del tratado de san Cipriano, obispo y mártir, sobre el Padre Nuestro
Cap 15:

La voluntad de Dios es la que Cristo cumplió y enseñó. La humildad en la conducta, la firmeza en la fe, reserva en el modo de hablar, la rectitud en las acciones, la misericordia en las obras, la moderación en las costumbres; el no hacer agravio a los demás y tolerar los que nos hacen a nosotros, el conservar la paz con nuestros hermanos; el amar al Señor de todo corazón, amarlo en cuanto Padre, temerlo en cuanto Dios; el no anteponer nada a Cristo, ya que él nada antepuso a nosotros; el mantenernos inseparablemente unidos a su amor, el estar junto a su cruz con fortaleza y confianza; y, cuando está en juego su nombre y su honor, el mostrar en nuestras palabras la constancia de la fe que profesamos; en los tormentos, la confianza con que luchamos y, en la muerte, la paciencia que nos obtiene la corona. Esto es querer ser coherederos de Cristo, esto es cumplir el precepto de Dios y la voluntad del Padre.

The Sign that is Christ, Evangelization, and the Poor (May 2025)

Address to the Graduates of the Pontifical Faculty of the Immaculate Conception, Dominican House of Studies, Washington DC

16 May 2025

The Sign that is Christ, Evangelization, and the Poor

At the outset this evening Í would like to evoke for your memory’s retrieval the scene in the Acts of the Apostles (chapter 8) wherein Philip encounters the Ethiopian eunuch on his way home from Jerusalem. Í will not read it to you, Í just ask that you keep in mind what you remember about it.

Secondly, I want to suggest you recall the scene in the movie Amadeus where the Emperor, after hearing Mozart play a beautiful composition, praises the musical genius. But, he added, there are “too many notes,.. so just cut a few”. I mention this because I have found myself muttering the line recently to myself, only saying “too many words”.

Words are everywhere, in this social media, internet information, and Artificial Intelligence world of ours. We dwell in a most wordy world. I say this as someone who loves words, delights in and savors them. And it is for love of them that I urge myself and all of us to hear a call to deeper silence. The importance of silence speaks for itself.

1. The things Christ did and suffered

So, let us take a few sparse words from St Thomas to accompany our silences. In the prologue to the Tertia Pars. St Thomas says this:

Concerning the [Savior himself], a double consideration occurs: the first, about the mystery of the Incarnation itself, whereby God was made man for our salvation; the second, about such things as were done and suffered by our Saviour — i.e. God incarnate.

Listen to the concluding phrase about the consideration of the Savior himself: such things as were done and suffered [acta et pasa] by our Saviour — i.e. God incarnate. Thomas does not say “such things as were said, done and suffered by our Savior. This points us to two immediate observations.

First, many theological or apologetic discussions in our time are focused primarily on what Scripture texts say, as in “what does it mean when it says this etc.” Thomas, however, is not looking primarily at the words. He wants us to consider the things Jesus did and suffered.

As you can see from the content of this section of the Tertia Pars, the focus is on the mysteries. The Baptism, his miracles, the Transfiguration, his way of life etc, along with the treatise on the Passion that follows. The Lord had said to his pharisaical critics: if you do not believe me, believe the works I do (Jn 10,38). What works? They probably wondered. And what do they mean?

There is a parallel with the liturgical mysteries, obviously. And on the whole, this section of the Tertia Pars is epiphanic in structure. The Gospels, epistles and prophets are quoted extensively in this section, primarily to illuminate the theological sense of what is being manifested in the actions of Christ. The words the WORD spoke are the interpretive keys to the meaning of the acta et pasa of his life.

Someday I might ask AI to tell me how many times a form of the verb “manifestare” appears in the Tertia. Well, probably not. There is no urgency in knowing this, because it’s not primarily about how many times Thomas uses the word, it’s about how the word is used at key points in his explication of the revelation contained in Christ’s movement among us. The actions and suffering of Christ are saying something to us. Through them God the Word manifests himself to us. Christus manifestavit se.

2. The Word that is Christ’s Flesh

In St Thomas’ first lecture on the Letter to the Hebrews he makes a distinction between the expressiveness of material creation and human words.

An expression does not have the character of a word” Thomas says, “unless it is ordered toward a manifestation. Thus, it is clear [manifest] that the [material creation] expression cannot be called a word (locution), and thus it is never said that God speaks by creating creatures, but rather that he is known. Rom 1,20: through those things that are made the invisible things of God are understood.

So what is an expression ordered to manifestation? Well, primarily it is an intelligible sign that expresses what is interior to the speaker. Spiritual interiority expressing itself intelligibly to another is what makes an expression an actual word. Thus, for example, when God spoke to the prophets he gave them images and words that intended to communicate what was inside God. God speaks to us to intimate his interiority.

Now then, in his comments on Hebrews 1, Thomas goes on to the specific character of the Incarnation as in itself the complete intelligible Word of the Father made sensibly manifest to us. This, he says, “is through the assumption of the flesh, about which it is said in Jn 1,14. The WORD was made flesh, and we saw his glory, etc. And thus Augustine says that the WORD incarnate is to the uncreated WORD as the word spoken is to the word of the heart.”

Ah, always take note when Thomas cites Augustine. In this context, likening the spoken word to the incarnation signals two things: its exterior manifestation to the senses, and its character as a personal revealing of what is interiorly hidden “in the heart”.

In human communication, facial expressions, groans, nods and other gestures can point towards what a person holds interiorly, but these would remain enigmatic expressions until a sensibly intelligible word is produced. God the eternal WORD’s speaking himself into a human nature is the eternal WORD made sensibly intelligible, plainly manifested. He himself is the word he speaks. His humanity has all the characteristics of a word. An intelligible sign expressed sensibly, which renders accessible to us the inner life of the Speaker; God himself.

Thomas elaborates this ever so succinctly when he adds: “through the assumption of the flesh, the WORD is made man and he perfects us in the cognition of God: Jn 18,37: for this I was born, to present testimony to the truth. And he has thus expressly manifested himself to us. Baruch 3,38: Afterwards he was seen upon the earth, and shared his way of life with men [conversatus est cum hominibus].

From this perspective, the preaching and teaching of the Church, and our own words used to evangelize and catechize, are primarily aimed at unveiling the true meaning of the sign made visible to us, and that sign is Christ. This unveiling is the principal intent of the Treatise on the Life of Christ in the Tertia Pars.

3. Unveiling the Sign

A good example of this is Tertia Pars 46, 3, where Saint Thomas, explicitates why the Cross was necessary. Think of this passage as an example of his work as a teacher unveiling the meaning of the sign that is the Christ Crucified. For first point he makes, he says,

In the first place, man knows thereby how much God loves him, and is thereby provoked (stirred) to love Him in return, and herein lies the perfection of human salvation; hence the Apostle says in Romans 5:8: «God commends His charity towards us; for when as yet we were sinners . . . Christ died for us»

An incredibly rich passage, I will not attempt to explicate it all here, but I will highlight the beginning where he says that we know from the Cross how much God loves us and we are provoked (stirred) to love Him in return. [per hoc provocatur ad eum diligendum]

Salvation reaches us through an intelligible sensible perception of the Cross as the preeminent sign of love; salvation is perfected in us through an act of love returned. We are provoked to this response, he says. Among other things this passage illustrates the primacy of charity as the perfection of faith. And it makes clear that justification is the effect of this love given, perceived and returned.

Now let us remember again the account of Philip and the Ethiopian. In that episode there is a premium on spontaneity impulsed by another. “The Spirit said to Philip, Go and join up with that chariot.” So the Ethiopian “invited Philip to get in and sit with him.” The Ethiopian was pointedly reading from the prophet Isaiah:

This was the scripture passage he was reading: «Like a sheep he was led to the slaughter, and as a lamb before its shearer is silent, so he opened not his mouth. In (his) humiliation justice was denied him. Who will tell of his posterity? For his life is taken from the earth.» Then the eunuch said to Philip in reply, «I beg you, about whom is the prophet saying this? About himself, or about someone else?» Then Philip opened his mouth and, beginning with this scripture passage, he proclaimed Jesus to him.

It is not clear if Philip answered the Ethiopian’s exegetical question. He did answer a wider, deeper one. There is a confluence of evangelical kerygma and catequesis in this passage. The explication of Isaiah precedes the moment when Philip “proclaimed Jesús to him”. The instruction centered around the meaning of the sign Isaiah spoke of, the suffering servant, and the light this sheds on the mystery of Christ’s Cross.

This in itself is worth pondering with the help of St Thomas: The sign of the Cross, first of all, must be interpreted, and it cannot be superseded. It remains the indispensable tangible word of the WORD. Philip offers the interpretation of the mystery of Christ’s suffering. As Philip for the Ethiopian, so we for our contemporaries, are explicators of the sign that is the Incarnation and self-emptying of the Word. No sign will be given except the sign of Jonah.

Flannery O’Connor said in her famous preface to the second edition of Wise Blood, that sometimes, what a person cannot do is the most significant thing about them. It was her description of the tortured main character of the novel.

Does one’s integrity ever lie in what he is not able to do? I think that usually it does, for free will does not mean one will, but many wills conflicting in one man. Freedom cannot be conceived simply.

I mention this because we cannot provoke a perception of the Cross as the primordial sign of the love of God. Nor can we provoke a response to that love manifested in Christ. Philip did not provoke the grace that moved the Ethiopian to request baptism.

There are some things the Church cannot do. We cannot provoke conversión programatically. Formation programs are not formulaic conversion programs. The grace of Christ can move us to mediate decisively the grace of his appearing (making himself manifest) in the lives others. Our mediations, however, operate at levels that are mostly enigmatically in our awareness. The grace of mediation moved Philip to chase the carriage. Yet Philip could not provoke the delicate perceptions of love intimated by his announcing Christ to the Ethiopian. Nor could he provoke a desire in the Ethiopian to move from faith’s perception to that charity which is offered back to God. All these things are Christ’s work, by the Holy Spirit.

“Freedom cannot be conceived simply”, Flannery said. Especially when it comes to our perceptions and responses to the Christ who is sovereign over how and when he appears to one who is beginning to perceive him. For the Church to admit humbly what she cannot do, is for the Church to confess her faith and love for, and docility to the Christ who is our Head.

4. Christ Jesus and the Social Magisterium of the Church: Explicating the Sign

Now, near the end of my too many words, let us recall the event narrated by St Luke (ch 4) where Jesus unrolls the scroll “and found the passage (from the prophet Isaiah) where it was written: «The Spirit of the Lord is upon me”.

because he has anointed me to bring glad tidings to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim liberty to captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free, and to proclaim a year acceptable to the Lord.» Rolling up the scroll, Jesus handed it back to the attendant and sat down, and the eyes of all in the synagogue looked intently at him. He said to them, «Today this scripture passage is fulfilled in your hearing.»

Jesus does not really explicate the passage . Rather he lets the passage be heard as an explication of himself. This is something, we really cannot do either, except in a participated sense. The messianic signs are proper in a literal sense to his person. What we can do is participate in his anointing and do the things that his identity and mission entail.

From this vantage point, the Church acts and suffers on behalf of the poor, the captive, the oppressed. And the Social magisterium of the Church is rightly understood as the explication of the sign that is Christ present in wounded flesh, and present in the one who attends the wounded.

We announce the poor Christ who gives us life through his vulnerability and his willingness to bear what the poorest among us bear. Christ bears his Cross in them. Ours is an evangelical narrative of human dignity rendered most intelligible by the Paschal Mystery: of the suffering, death, and rising of the WORD enfleshed, who seeks the lost. We are the lost, he found us; and his finding makes us seekers of the vulnerable, or we risk losing our gift of ever having been found. Whatever you do to the least of mine etc.

The Church pleads that all persons be respected for the dignity that is theirs. And we can never cease to defend the dignity of the powerless: the unborn, the disabled, the migrant, the elderly, all of whom can be counted among the poor precisely because they are largely defenseless before the arbitrary manipulations of the powerful. The world has its expendable populations.

There is an enormous manipulative capacity in this world deeply wounded by sin; and the Lord’s rising announces the victory of grace over it.

This manipulative tendency stifles the human agency of the poor, of their ability to speak and describe for themselves what moves and animates them. Their words, speaking of their deepest hungers for themselves and their families, are not often heard, and when heard, not much respected. Few, very few, political or economic leaders take the time, for example, to talk to an immigrant family, to get to know what their lives are about. For if they hear, they might have to rethink something, “lest they be converted and be saved”. We can hear the Lord Jesus say to us: It cannot be that way with you.

There is a tendency in our ecclesial cultures to see our service to and defense of the poor as of secondary importance, or even extraneous to the evangelizing mission of the Church. This is a severe misreading of the sign that is Christ. There are various aspects to the sign that is Christ, but the sign is one, because Christ Jesus is One.

We are enjoined to do the work implied in the messianic signs Christ said were fulfilled in his speaking them. In evangelization, this cannot be dispensed with. What we lack today is precisely a vigorous explication of how the things we do (our acta et pasa) on behalf of the Christ who suffers are signs of Christ Risen, active in the world.

Without the authentic signs of Christ in flesh, without the action of attending to him, through him, in others, our words are just more words in an already too wordy world. Words become hollow when their only sensible manifestation is a sound or scribble. When our words are expressed in flesh, we do the work of the Word. We must be about his work, and (as Thomas teaches) our explications must aim to unveil the intelligibility of the sign that is Christ Jesus, Crucified and Risen from the dead. The Lord himself will take care of the rest.

Thank you for your kind attention.

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